初學者如何辯論？ Arguing is a big, big topic. If you’ve never done one before, it can be overwhelming to think of what will happen and how you can avoid looking totally clueless in front of everyone.
There is much to learn before you can pluck up the courage to stand at the podium. But don’t worry; this debate for beginners guide will give you the steps, tips and examples you need to slay your next debate. So, let’s check out these lovely debate tips!
目錄
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初學者辯論如何運作（分 7 個步驟）
Before you get into how to phrase your arguments like a pro, you’ll need to know about how a beginners’ debate works. Check out these 7 steps to a debate for newbies and what you’ll need to do along the way, then you’ll completely understand how to be a better debater!
1. 目的確定
As we can use debates in many places and situations, such as in schools, company meetings, panel discussions or political bodies, it’s crucial that the primary purposes of the debate is chosen first. This can give a clear view of plan and organise the debates because there are a lot of details to work on later, all of which need to be in alignment.
So, before anything, the facilitator will answer this – 這場辯論的目標是什麼?
例如，如果你在一個 學生辯論, the goals should be the same as your lesson, which can be to encourage students’ critical thinking and public speaking skills. If it’s at work, it can be to decide which of two ideas to go with.
2.結構選擇
Asking how to debate well, you need to have a structure. There are a lot of debate structure variations out there, and multiple formats within them. It’s important for you to know some basic terms used in many common types of debates first before preparing for a debate…
- 應用主題 – Every debate has a topic, which is formally called a 議案 or 解析度. The topic can be a statement, a policy or an idea, it’s up to the setting and purpose of the debate.
- 二 隊 - 肯定 （支持動議）和 負 （反對動議）。 在許多情況下，每個團隊由三名成員組成。
- 評委 or 審裁官: 在辯論者的證據和表現中判斷論點質量的人。
- 計時員 – The person who keeps track of time and stops the teams when time’s up.
- 觀察員 – There can be observers (an audience) in the debate, but they are not allowed to chime in.
對於初學者辯論，收到動議後，團隊將有時間準備。 這 肯定 小組從他們的第一位發言者開始辯論，隨後是第一個發言者 負 團隊。 然後它轉到第二個揚聲器 肯定 團隊，回到第二位演講者 負 團隊等等。
每位發言者將在辯論規則規定的規定時間內發言並陳述他們的觀點。 請記住，不是 全部 辯論以團隊結束 負; 有時，團隊 肯定 將被要求完成。
As you’re probably new to this, you can find the debate process for beginners 下面. It’s easy to follow and can be used in lots of different types of debate.
3. 制定辯論計劃
For the debate to run smoothly, the facilitator will have a plan that’s 盡可能詳細. They should let you know this plan, as it will help to visualise everything and keep you from going off track, which is super easy to do when you’re taking part in a beginners’ debate.
Here’s a simple checklist of what a plan should contain:
- 辯論的目的
- 結構
- 房間將如何佈置
- 每個時期的時間線和時間
- 正式辯論規則以及對演講者和評判員的說明
- 筆記模板 對於角色
- 辯論結束時結束辯論的摘要
4. 房間佈置
The environment is essential for a debate as it can affect speakers’ performance to some degree.
Your debate should have as professional an atmosphere as possible. There are many ways to set up a debate room, but whichever setup is chosen, it will all centre around the ‘speaker area’ in the middle. This is where all the debating magic will happen.
代表兩隊的每位發言者輪流站在發言區，結束後回到座位上。
下面是一個 流行的佈局示例 對於初學者辯論：
Of course, there’s always the option to hold a debate online. You may struggle to feel the same atmosphere in an online beginners’ debate, but there are some ways to spice it up:
- 背景定制： 每個角色可能有不同的 Zoom 背景：主持人、計時員、裁判員和每個團隊。 這有助於區分每個參與者的角色，並激發對所給角色的自豪感。
- 配套設備：
- 計時器： 時間在辯論中很重要，尤其是對於第一次出局的新手。 您的輔導員可能會決定使用屏幕計時器來跟踪您的步速（儘管在大多數辯論中，計時員只會在還剩 1 分鐘或 30 秒時發出信號）。
- 聲音特效： 請記住，這只是針對初學者的辯論。 您可以期待您的輔導員透過鼓勵來緩和氣氛 鼓掌音效 當演講者結束演講時。
5. 球隊被選中
球隊將分為 肯定 負. 通常，這些團隊中的團隊和演講者的位置是隨機的，因此您的輔導員可以使用 轉輪 使整個過程更加激動人心和引人入勝。
After the two teams have been chosen, the motion will be announced and you’ll be given some time to prepare, ideally one hour.
在這個時候，主持人會指出很多不同的資源，這樣團隊就可以了解上下文和問題，從而提出更強有力的觀點。 你知道的越多，辯論就越激烈。
6. 辯論開始
每種不同類型的辯論都需要不同的形式，並且可能有很多變化。 以下是一個非常流行的版本，可以用於初學者的任何辯論。
Each team has four turns to speak in this debate, so it’s best to have 6 or 8 speakers. In the case of 6, two debaters will speak twice.
| 發言 | Time | 辯手的責任 |
| 第一肯定建設性 | 8分鐘 | 介紹運動及其觀點 給出他們對關鍵術語的定義 提出他們的論點以支持該動議 |
| 第一負建設性 | 8分鐘 | 陳述他們反對該動議的論據 |
| 2 肯定建設性 | 8分鐘 | Layout further arguments in support of the motion and the team’s opinions 識別衝突區域 回答否定者的問題（如果有的話） |
| 2負建設性 | 8分鐘 | Layout further arguments against the motion and enhance the team’s opinions 識別衝突區域 回答肯定發言者的問題（如果有） |
| 第一次否定反駁 | 4分鐘 | 保衛 負 team’s arguments and defeat the supporting arguments without adding new arguments or information |
| 第一次肯定反駁 | 4分鐘 | 保衛 肯定 team’s arguments and defeat the opposing arguments without adding new arguments or information |
| 第二次否定反駁 （結束語） | 4分鐘 | 進行第二次反駁和結束陳述 |
| 第二次肯定反駁 （結束語） | 4分鐘 | 進行第二次反駁和結束陳述 |
💡 根據規則，在反駁之前可能有很短的準備時間。
您可以看到這種格式的視頻示例 在這裡.
7.判斷辯論
It’s time for the adjudicators to work. They need to observe the debates and performance of each debater then assess. These are some of the things that they will be looking at in your performance…
- 組織和清晰度 – The structure behind your speech – does it make sense to lay it out the way you did?
- 內容 – This arguments, evidence, cross examination and rebuttals you produce.
- 交付和演示風格 – How you deliver your points, including oral and body language, eye content, and tone used.
給新辯手的 10 個技巧
Nobody can master everything from the beginning and if you’ve never debated in your life, things are not easy to get started with. Below are 10 個快速提示 探索如何有效地進行辯論，並在每次辯論中與新手保持一致。
#1 - 準備是關鍵 – Research the topic 很多 事先不僅要獲得背景訊息，還要獲得信心。 這可以幫助新手辯手更好地理解問題，成為良好的反駁起始者，然後起草他們的論點，找到證據，並避免陷入困境。 每個辯手都應該用分來概述所有內容（最好是 3 個論點 3 個分），以便更好地整理想法並了解其演講的「大局」。
#2 - 讓一切都圍繞主題 – One of the sins of debating is going off track, as it wastes valuable speaking time and weakens the argument. Pay attention to the outlines and main points to make sure they follow the topic and address the right problems.
#3 - 用例子說明你的觀點 – Having examples makes your debate sentences more convincing, and also, people see things more clearly, like Free Introduction example below…
#4 - 試著像對手一樣思考 – While revising ideas, think of points the opposition may pose. Identify a few and write down a mind map of rebuttals that you could offer if they do 最終提出這些觀點。
#5 - 有一個強有力的結論 – End the debate with a few good sentences, which can at least sum up the main points. In many cases, debaters like to conclude with power, with one poetically crafted sentence to cause that 麥克風掉落 片刻 （查看下面的示例).
#6 - 要有信心（或假裝它直到你成功！） – One of the most important things about how to be better at debating is the vibe. Debaters need to be confident with what they’re saying, as swagger has a great sway over judges and observers. Of course, the more you prepare, the more confident you are.
#7 - 慢慢地說 – A very common problem of novice debaters is their talking speed. More often than not on the first time round, it’s way too fast, which causes both listeners and the speaker anxiety. Take a breath and speak slowly. You may get less out, but what you do produce will have gravitas.
#8 - 用你的身體和臉 – Body language can support your points and show confidence. Look the opponents in the eyes, have a nice standing posture and control the facial expressions (don’t get too aggressive) to catch attention.
#9 - 仔細聽並做筆記 – Debaters must pay attention to every speech and idea to follow the pace, support their teammates and rebut the opponents better. Having notes can help a lot, as no one can remember every point to rebut or further expand. Remember to note down key points only.
#10 - 避免廉價拍攝 – Focus and rebut your opponents’ arguments, not the opponents themselves. No debaters should be offensive towards others; it shows a lack of professionalism and you’ll definitely be marked down for it.
6種風格的初學者辯論
辯論有多種風格，有不同的形式和規則。 徹底了解其中一些可以幫助初學者了解辯論的過程以及他們需要做什麼。 以下是您在第一次辯論中可能會看到的一些常見辯論風格！
1. 政策辯論 – This is a common type that requires a lot of research. The debate revolves around whether or not to enact a particular policy, and usually in the form of two people more team. 政策辯論 is used in many schools because it’s practical, and the rules are easier to follow than other types.
2. 議會辯論 – This debate style is based on the British government model and the debates in the British Parliament. First adopted by British universities, now this is the official debate style of many big debating competitions like The World University Debating Championship and European Universities Debating Championship. Such debate is witty and shorter than the traditional 政策 辯論，使其適用於從中學到大學的許多案例。
3. 公共論壇辯論 – In this style, two teams debate some ‘hot’ and controversial topics or current event issues. These topics are the ones you already probably have an opinion about, so this type of debate is more accessible than a 政策 辯論。
4. 林肯道格拉斯 辯論– This is an open, one-on-one debate style, named after a famous series of debates back in 1858 between the U.S. Senate candidates Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas. In this style, debaters focus on more profound or more philosophical questions, mainly about significant issues.
5. 自發 論證 – Two debaters argue on one particular topic; they need to frame their arguments in a very short time and quickly respond to their opponents’ ideas without much preparation. It requires strong argumentative skills and can help boost confidence and conquer stage fright.
6. 國會 辯論 – This style is a simulation of the U.S. legislature, in which the debaters emulate Congress members. They debate pieces of legislation, including bills (proposed laws), resolutions (position statements). The mock Congress then vote to pass into law and continue to vote for or against the legislation.
2個辯論例子
Here we have two examples of some debates for you to better see how they happen…
1. 英國議會辯論
This is a short clip of a debate between former British prime minister Theresa May and former leader of the Labour Party, Jeremy Corbyn. The debate’s dynamic atmosphere and heated arguments are typical of this kind of rowdy debate. Also, May ended her speech with such a strong statement that she even went viral!
2.辯手
學生辯論 are becoming an increasingly popular phenomenon at school; some well performed debates can even be as engaging as debates from adults. This video is one episode from an English-language Vietnamese debate show – The Debaters. These high school students debated the motion ‘We applaud Greta Thunberg’ in a pretty common 3-on-3 format.
