什麼是項目管理| 2024 年你要知道的一切
你知道多少 項目管理? Here is everything you need to know about project management in 2024 and in the future.
Over centuries, San Francisco’s Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system, with 400,000 riders a day has been one of the most successful projects and Bechtel is the world leading project manager of massive construction and engineering projects. This example is excellent evidence of how important of effective project management is. The core of any project’s success lies behind good project managers.
So, in this article, we’ll explore what project management is, how it is important, and the best techniques to schedule, plan, control and evaluate a project.
What is project management and examples?
項目是我們日常生活的常見部分。 我們可能正在計劃一場婚禮或一個驚喜的生日派對，重新裝修房子，或者準備一個學期的課程項目。 可以提到更大的項目，例如建造一座橋樑、搬遷居民、生產新的飛機航線等等。 他們都需要項目管理。
Project management describes the systematic approach, methodologies, and practices used to schedule, plan, control, and evaluate projects from start to complete. It encompasses a wide range of activities and processes aimed at achieving specific goals within defined constraints such as time, cost, scope, quality, and resources.
為什麼項目管理很重要？
It is hard to deny the significance of management in project which helps every project of the business run more efficiently and effectively. Let’s go over three main benefits of effective project management.
節省時間和金錢
良好的項目組織涉及仔細的規劃和資源分配。 項目經理評估項目需求，確定必要的資源，並有效地分配它們。 通過準確估計資源需求並避免過度分配或利用不足，項目經理可以優化資源使用，減少不必要的成本並節省時間。
改善協作和溝通
項目經理向團隊成員定義並傳達明確的角色和職責。 每個人都了解自己的具體任務、可交付成果和責任範圍。 這種清晰度最大限度地減少了混亂和重疊，使團隊成員能夠順利、高效地合作。
Mitigate Of Risks And Issues
項目本質上涉及風險和不確定性，如果不加以管理，可能會導致重大挑戰甚至失敗。 良好的項目管理強調風險識別、評估和緩解策略。 通過儘早預測和解決潛在問題，項目經理可以最大程度地減少其影響，並確保項目保持在正軌上，甚至在預期的截止日期之前完成。
Check out What does Scum Master 做？
What Are Three Key Stages Of Project Management?
項目管理包括三個階段：項目計劃、項目調度和項目控制。 以下是每個階段的詳細信息。
項目計劃
The management and organization in project starts with the planning phase, where the project goals, objectives, and scope are defined. During this phase, project managers work closely with stakeholders to understand their requirements and expectations.
It’s crucial to note that there are several methods being used in project planning, and one of the most effective ways in planning is work breakdown structure (WBS). It is defined as a process of dividing a project into its major subcomponents (or tasks), which are then subdivided into more detailed components, and finally into a set of activities and their related costs.
專案調度
項目調度是指對所有項目活動進行排序和分配時間的過程。 在此階段，管理者決定每項活動需要多長時間，併計算每個生產階段所需的資源。
項目調度的目的可概括如下：
- 顯示每項活動與其他活動以及與整個項目的關係
- 確定活動之間的邏輯順序和相關性
- 促進為每項活動建立實際的時間和成本估算
- 通過識別關鍵瓶頸，確保人力、金錢和物質資源得到最佳利用。
一種流行的項目調度方法是甘特圖。 甘特圖是一種低成本方法，旨在幫助管理者確保：
- 活動已計劃
- 記錄執行順序
- 記錄活動時間估計
- 總體項目時間已製定。
相關新聞：
項目控制
The control of project describes a close handling of resources, costs, quality, and budgets. Controlling projects can be difficult. Not all projects are well-defined at first, some may be ill-defined. Projects typically only become well-defined after detailed extensive initial planning and careful definition of required inputs, resources, processes, and outputs.
In controlling, there is a term called 瀑布方法論 which involves a sequential approach where the project focuses on a step-by-step manner and each phase is completed before moving on to the next. The project manager and team focus on planning and executing one phase at a time, following a predetermined sequence. When constraints are known, changes are small enough to be managed without substantially revising plans.
In contrast to Waterfall methodology, 敏捷方法論 emphasizes parallel or simultaneous planning and execution of project components. It is commonly associated with Agile methodologies such as Scrum 和看板。 團隊不是在開始下一個階段之前完成每個階段，而是同時處理多個項目方面，重點關注較小的迭代或時間盒增量。 有許多檢查點和反饋循環來跟踪進度，這可以支持您以後進行項目評估。
什麼是專案管理技術：PERT 和 CPM
Both Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) are well-known project management techniques used to plan and schedule activities, which share commonalities in terms of the overall process of 6 steps as follows:
- 定義完成項目所需的項目活動並準備工作分解結構
- Identify which activities are dependent on others and establish logical relationships, such as “finish-to-start” or “start-to-start”.
- 繪製連接所有活動的網絡，用節點表示活動，用箭頭表示活動之間的流程和依賴關係
- Estimate each activity durations and cost
- Determine the Critical Path (the longest sequence of dependent activities that determines the project’s minimum duration)
- 在整個項目過程中，我們會根據計劃監控進度，並根據需要進行調整，以確保按時完成。
PERT 和 CPM 有何優缺點？
There is a critique about PERT and CPM whether they are important to project management. Here are benefits and limitations of the two techniques:
| 優點 | 限制 |
| – They provide a systematic approach to project planning, particularly for large, complex projects with numerous activities. – By focusing on critical activities in a critical path, project managers can prioritize resources and efforts to ensure timely project completion. – They also offer a framework for monitoring project progress and comparing it against the planned schedule. | – Accurately identifying and quantifying these dependencies can be challenging – Time estimates in project management can often be subjective and influenced by various factors, which lead to a risk of biased estimations and potential inaccuracies in the project timeline. – It is equally important to closely monitor the near-critical paths within the project. Neglecting these near-critical paths can pose inherent risks and may result in potential delays or disruptions to the project’s overall timeline. |
使用專案管理軟體來管理項目
最好的是什麼？ 項目管理軟件 ? There are several options for companies to manage projects. Depending on the scale of a project, managers can decide to use above discussed approaches to manage small projects or incorporate specialized project management software for large and complex projects.
It is worth introducing Microsoft Project, one of the most popular specialized software, which is extremely useful in drawing project networks, identifying the project schedule, and managing project costs and other resources and do project evaluation. You also can consider its alternatives such as Asana, Trello, Jira, and Basecamp project management software. They are all paid project management software with free trial of many advanced features that can help you manage your projects and teams more effectively.
相關新聞： 10 年有效使用 Asana 項目管理的 2024 個技巧 or 微軟項目替代方案
常見問題
項目管理的4條黃金法則是什麼？
項目管理的四項黃金法則是：與客戶適當溝通、開發全面的項目、與組織保持道德關係以及記住人很重要。
What are the 5 stages of project management?
The 5 basic stages of project management includes: initiation, planning, execution, controlling, and closure.
項目管理有哪四種類型？
Some common types of project management approaches consist of: Waterfall, Agile, Scrum, and Kanban method.
Three phases involved in the management of large projects are…
規劃如何實施專案、安排流程、時間表和執行管理。
底線
As we can see, it is worthwhile for every company to invest in enhancing project management skills. An effective project management cannot lack resourceful project managers and a high performance team. There are many certified courses and training can help learners get deeper and useful knowledge about project management. If you are confident and well-prepared enough, why not take a challenge from PMI, the world’s most appreciated project management certification, embracing traditional, agile, and hybrid concepts.
However, if you want to save money, taking a free Coursera project management course is also a great idea. For Hr-ers, using a customized training can also lead to better outcomes. You can design engaging lessons with 了解內容 X 工具，您可以在其中找到許多免費的可自定義的交互式測驗和遊戲模板以及獨特的演示效果。
引用的作品：Render、Barry、Heizer、Jay、Munson、Chuck。 （2017）。 運行管理 : 致力於永續發展 供應鏈管理 12日。 埃德。 （第 12 版）。